Imperator-Kaiserfisch

Singly or in pairs

Austria, general duties for marine fish: aim for middle values; keep salinity within ±0.5 ppt of its mean and top up evaporation at short intervals; avoid heavy metals and treat with copper only in a separate tank; simulate tides, waves and currents; give a day–night cycle; use at least 200 L (100 × 50 × 40 cm) with filter, heater, cooling, pumps, protein skimmer, rockwork with hiding places, free swimming space and lime-rich, heavy-metal-free substrate; check equipment and temperature daily and other parameters every 14 days, and nitrite daily during the first six weeks; species kept together must suit each other in water quality, temperature and social behaviour (§ 7 (5); Anlage 5, 2.1).

Switzerland, general duties for ornamental fish: minimum volume = each fish's current body length (snout to tail base) × litres per cm by size class (up to 5 cm 0.5; 10 cm 0.75; 15 cm 1; 20 cm 1.25; 30 cm 1.75; 40 cm 2.25; over 40 cm 3), summed over all fish, plus species-specific needs; the tank at least 3 times as long and 2 times as wide as the largest fish's body length, and the water at least that deep; not visible from all sides, with visual cover and retreats; a day–night rhythm; water quality suited to the species; no prolonged strong vibration; social species need contact with their own kind; prevent excessive breeding; genetically modified fish such as GloFish are banned (TSchV Art. 13, 25, 98 and Anhang 2 Tabelle 8).